Impact of land degradation on soil respiration in a steppe (Stipa tenacissima L.) semi-arid ecosystem in the SE of Spain

Climate change scenarios predict increases in temperature, changes in precipitation patterns, and longer drought periods in most semi-arid regions of the world. Ecosystems in these regions are prone to land degradation, which may be aggravated by climate change. Soil respiration is one of the main processes responsible for organic carbon losses from arid and semi-arid ecosystems. We measured soil respiration over one year in two steppe ecosystems having different degrees of land degradation under three ground-covers: with vegetation, bare soil, and an intermediate situation between plants and bare soil.The largest differences in soil respiration rates between the sites were observed in spring, coinciding with the highest level of plant activity. The degraded site had drier and hotter soils with less soil water availability and a longer drought period. As a result, vegetation on the degraded site did not respond to spring rainfall events. Soil respiration showed a strong seasonal variability, with average annual rates of 1.1 and 0.8 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ in the natural and degraded sites, respectively. We did not observe significant differences in soil respiration rates associated with ground-cover i.e., the temporal variation was much larger than the spatial variation. At both sites, soil moisture was the controlling driver of soil respiration for most of the year, when temperatures were above 20 °C and constrained the response to temperature for the few months when the temperature was below 20 °C. An empirical model based on soil temperature and soil moisture explained 90% and 72% of the seasonal variability of soil respiration on the natural and degraded sites, respectively. For the first time, this study suggests that land degradation may alter the carbon balance of these ecosystems through changes in the temporal dynamics of soil respiration and plant productivity, which have important negative consequences for ecosystem functioning and sustainability.     

青贮饲料对青贮池墙体侧压力的试验研究

研究青贮饲料对青贮池墙体的侧压力对青贮池结构设计至关重要。为定量分析青贮饲料装填以及车辆碾压饲料时墙体的受力状态，以北京三元绿荷奶牛养殖中心半截河奶牛场青贮池为研究对象，在青贮池墙体上布置压力计，研究了侧压力大小及其变化规律。结果表明：装填青贮饲料时，自墙顶向下在深度为0.65～1.37 m时，侧压力平均值随深度增大而增大；在深度为1.37～2.05 m时，侧压力平均值随深度增加的幅度较小。推土机碾压饲料会增加墙体侧压力，并且侧压力值随推土机和墙体之间距离的变小而增大。侧压力增加值与压力计埋深无明显相关关系。     

植物根系对土壤侵蚀控制机理的研究

介绍了近年来植物根系对土壤侵蚀控制机理的研究进展。在水文效应和机械效应两个方面,植物根系通过增强土壤的抗冲性、渗透能力、抗剪强度以及根系网的固土功能提高土壤的抗侵蚀能力。     

番茄侧根原基发生相关基因RSI-1在烟草中功能的初步研究

为探讨番茄(Lycopersiconesculentumvar.cerasiforme)侧根原基发生相关基因RSI-1在形态发育过程中的作用及其在获得具超量侧根的转基因作物的应用前景,研究分析了RSI-1基因在烟草(Nicotianatabacum)中超量、反义抑制和RNA干扰表达后植株形态及转基因植株内侧根发生相关植物激素含量的变化特征。结果显示,RSI-1超量表达后,植株株高下降,叶片数和分支数有明显增加,而RSI-1反义抑制和RNA干扰表达后植株形态及赤霉素、生长素、脱落酸和玉米素及核苷的含量均没有发生显著变化。推测RSI-1的表达可以促进植物分枝的发生,但其在高等植物中的同源性可能较低,利用该基因定向改造弱根系作物时还需结合根特异启动子的应用。     

有限供水对夏玉米根系生长及底墒利用影响的研究

设计5种不同供水处理进行对夏玉米根系生长和底墒利用的影响试验。结果表明,有限供水对夏玉米根长的影响效应比根生物量显著,有限供水能促使夏玉米更多地利用土壤底墒,供水少,底墒利用率高,凸现出夏玉米对土壤缺水干旱的生理性适应机制和抗旱生态反应。5种供水处理以供水151．3mm,耗水190．1mm的夏玉米产量收获指数和水分利用效率最高。改变高水高产的传统耕作观念,推行有限供水,生育期内合理调配灌水量,提高水分利用效率,发挥土壤水库的调节作用,达到稳产又节水的生态农业目的。     

NH4+的吸收对水稻根系细胞膜电位的影响

利用微电极技术分别测定了2个水稻品种即武育粳3号(粳稻)和扬稻6号(籼稻)幼苗根尖细胞在吸收不同NH4+浓度(0.0250、.05、0.1、0.5、1.0和1.5.mmol/L)下膜电位的变化特征。结果表明,水稻根系吸收NH4+引起膜的去极化,去极化到一定程度出现部分复极化,有一小部分根系还有超极化现象。去极化大小随外界处理液中NH4+浓度的增加而加强,达到一定程度以后趋于平稳,吸收进程符合Michaelis-Menten动力学特征。两个品种产生的去极化程度不同,武育粳3号产生的去极化大小平均为16.5.mV,扬稻6号产生的去极化大小平均为22.6.mV。在低浓度NH4+(1.0.mmol/L)处理下,扬稻6号对NH4+较敏感,产生的去极化大小平均为17.5.mV,高于武育粳3号(去极化大小平均为10.9.mV),两个品种产生的去极化大小差异显著(p0.05)。研究结果表明,扬稻6号吸收NH4+的能力比武育粳3号强,这与吸收动力学的结果是一致的。     

小麦根系物质流示踪研究

在小麦生育进程各主要叶龄期分别用~(32)P和~(14)C标记各根层和叶层,研究根系营养物质流与地上部光合同化物质流的动态变化及兵在产量形成上的相互关联作用。研究表明,小麦各层次生根的最大功能同主茎叶龄进程基本上保持同步关系,即n/0叶龄发生的根至n+3/0叶龄发挥显著吸收功能。小麦某一叶龄期的功能叶和功能根在同化物质和营养物质输配上表现出互相依赖、相互促进的关系。     

The impact of sowing density of small grains on rill and ephemeral gully erosion in concentrated flow zones

Despite the fact that soil erosion by water causes considerable on-site and off-site problems, farmers in Europe are reluctant to adopt prevention and control measures when such measures require additional labour and material inputs. This paper documents the impact of multiple sowing of small grains on concentrated flow erosion rates and grain production for a winter triticale field (X Triticosecale Wittmack ex. A. Camus) in the Belgian loess belt. Multiple sowing refers to drilling more than once in zones of concentrated flow erosion in order to increase the total root mass in this zone. Multiple sowing strongly altered the morphology of erosion channels and reduced soil loss significantly. Statistical analysis confirmed that differences in channel dimensions could be explained by the seedling density. Doubling the root mass in the topsoil by multiple sowing, resulted on average in a reduction of soil loss by 42% for the whole growing season. For the winter period, soil loss reduction, mainly attributed to the triticale roots, amounted even to 53%, showing the tremendous impact of seedling roots on soil erosion by concentrated overland flow in the early stages of vegetation growth. Furthermore, total grain yield in the multiple drilled zones was not significantly smaller compared to the conventionally drilled parts of the field. Grain size of cereals was slightly smaller. The results of this case study indicate that double sowing in concentrated overland flow zones may be a viable soil erosion control technique.     

A phenetic analysis and lateral key of the genus Lolium (Gramineae)

88 herbarium specimens of the genus Lolium were scored for 22 characters, comprising 7 vegetative, 8 inflorescence and 7 seed characters. The aim was to review the species relationship and to produce a lateral key to the genus. The data were analysed using principal components analysis, discriminant function analysis and cluster analysis. All analyses separated L. perenne, L. multiflorum and L. temulentum from each other. The 2 varieties of L. rigidum showed varying degrees of separation from each other and from L. multiflorum. Their distinction as a species and as 2 varieties is discussed. L. perenne and L. rigidum were shown to contain the greatest similarity between species and L. temulentum was found to be the most distinct. A lateral key is proposed that separates the species on the basis of 11 morphological characters that are easily scored in the field.     

不同穗型的两个冬小麦品种根系~(86)Rb吸收活力变化差异与产量形成

盆栽条件下利用86 Rb同位素示踪技术 ,研究了两个不同穗型的冬小麦品种 (大穗型 :鲁 78 3 ,多穗型 :鲁麦 1 4 )根系86 Rb吸收活力的差异及其对产量形成的影响。结果表明 ,拔节后两品种根系群体86 Rb吸收活性 ,在开花前同步变化 ,鲁 78 3低于鲁麦1 4。前者在挑旗期达到最大值 ,后者则继续增加 ,开花期达到最大值。灌浆期间 ,鲁78 3根系群体86 Rb吸收活力显著低于多穗型品种。单茎根系86 Rb吸收活力的变化趋势虽然类似于群体情况 ,但鲁 78 3单茎根系86 Rb吸收活力显著高于鲁麦 1 4 ,其在灌浆后期低于鲁麦 1 4 ,大穗型品种鲁 78 3后期根系易于早衰。挑旗前 ,鲁 78 3根内86 Rb分配比例较高 ;开花到灌浆 ,根层86 Rb分配比例鲁 78 3明显高于鲁麦 1 4 ,结果前者叶层和穗层的86 Rb分配比例降低 ,籽粒灌浆受到抑制 ,千粒重明显下降 ,单穗粒重优势难以充分发挥